{"id":7617,"date":"2022-03-28T11:07:23","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T11:07:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/?p=7617"},"modified":"2022-04-01T18:36:23","modified_gmt":"2022-04-01T18:36:23","slug":"gram-negative-bacteria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/gram-negative-bacteria\/","title":{"rendered":"Gram-negative Bacteria: Characteristics, List, Cell wall composition, Classification, and Antibiotics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria give negative results on the Gram staining technique, hence named gram-negative bacteria. These are bacteria with solid walls. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These bacteria don&#8217;t retain the crystal violet dye and appear red-colored when viewed under a microscope on a Gram stain test. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Neisseria, Salmonella, E.coli,<\/em> and<em> Campylobacter<\/em> are some examples of gram-negative bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:#ecf2f7;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:#ecf2f7;}<\/style>\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria were described for the first time in 1884 by Christian Gram, a Danish scientist in Berlin when he visualized Klebsiella pneumoniae in the lungs of people by using the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/gram-staining-principle-procedure-interpretation-and-animation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gram staining technique<\/a><\/strong>. These patients died because of pneumonia infection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria are listed among the most common public health problems because of their high antibiotic resistance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These are also clinically important in hospital settings because patients admitted in the wards or intensive care units are at higher risk, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Gram-negative bacteria are important causes of nosocomial diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characteristics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gram-negative bacteria are enclosed in a protective capsule.<\/li><li>Under this capsule, these have an outer membrane that protects them against antibiotics.<\/li><li>Gram-negative bacteria release endotoxins that contribute to the severity of symptoms during infections.<\/li><li>The peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is thin <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/gram-positive-bacteria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">compared to gram-positive bacteria<\/a><\/strong>. It is usually sandwiched between the outer membrane and the inner cytoplasmic membrane. That\u2019s why these bacteria can be stained by the counterstain.<\/li><li>Gram-negative bacteria are even more pathogenic than gram-positive bacteria due to their low susceptibility to antibiotics.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Gram-negative bacteria have porins that regulate the transport of molecules inside and outside of the cell.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure of the cell envelope and diagram&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria is very different from gram-positive bacteria. These have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, a thin peptidoglycan layer, and an inner cytoplasmic membrane.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall that contains a monolayer of peptidoglycan that is partially cross-linked.<\/li><li>The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria doesn\u2019t have teichoic acid.<\/li><li>The cell envelope outside the cell wall is called an outer membrane.<\/li><li>The outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria has lipopolysaccharides and porins.<\/li><li>Lipopolysaccharides serve as endotoxins. It is a large molecule that varies in composition from one bacterial species and strain to another. It is a potent virulence factor and contributes to the structural integrity of gram-negative bacteria.<\/li><li>Porins transport the molecules in and out of the cell.<\/li><li>The outer membrane of the cell is anchored into lipoproteins through a non-covalent bond, called Braun\u2019s lipoproteins, which are further bound to the peptidoglycan layer through a covalent bond.<\/li><li>There is a periplasmic space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane with the structural polymer peptidoglycan.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The inner cytoplasmic membrane has lipoproteins, transmembrane proteins, or peripheral membrane proteins.<\/li><li>Lipoproteins are present in the outer lipid bilayer leaflet, and peripheral membrane proteins lie adjacent to the bilayer leaflets.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"511\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Structure-of-envelope-of-Gram-positive-bacteria-Gram-negative-bacteria-.png\" alt=\"Structure of envelope of A) Gram-positive bacteria B) Gram-negative bacteria image\n\" class=\"wp-image-7685\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Structure-of-envelope-of-Gram-positive-bacteria-Gram-negative-bacteria-.png 797w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Structure-of-envelope-of-Gram-positive-bacteria-Gram-negative-bacteria--300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Structure-of-envelope-of-Gram-positive-bacteria-Gram-negative-bacteria--768x492.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Image 1: Structure of envelope of A) Gram-positive bacteria B) Gram-negative bacteria<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"820\" height=\"517\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-structure-cell-wall-iimage.jpg\" alt=\"gram negative bacteria structure cell wall image\" class=\"wp-image-7655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-structure-cell-wall-iimage.jpg 820w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-structure-cell-wall-iimage-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-structure-cell-wall-iimage-768x484.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Image 2: Structure of the gram negative cell wall<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria are classified into two major categories; Cocci and Rods.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gram Negative bacteria list <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"663\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-list-1024x663.jpeg\" alt=\"Gram negative bacteria list and classification\" class=\"wp-image-7755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-list-1024x663.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-list-300x194.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-list-768x497.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gram-negative-bacteria-list.jpeg 1177w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Gram negative bacteria classification (list)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gram-negative cocci<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative cocci include the four types<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><em>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/em> &#8211; that cause a sexually transmitted disease<\/li><li><em>Neisseria meningitides<\/em> &#8211; that cause meningitis<\/li><li><em>Moraxella catarrhalis <\/em>&#8211; that cause respiratory symptoms<\/li><li><em>Haemophilus influenzae<\/em> &#8211; that cause respiratory symptoms<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Microscopic-view-of-the-gram-negative-image.jpg\" alt=\"Microscopic view of the gram negative image\" class=\"wp-image-7686\" width=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Microscopic-view-of-the-gram-negative-image.jpg 566w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Microscopic-view-of-the-gram-negative-image-300x246.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Image 3 : Gram Negative Cocci<\/em><\/strong><br>Image source: wikimedia <br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gram-negative rods<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative rods are classified into three categories;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Facultative<\/li><li>Aerobic<\/li><li>Anaerobic rods<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"452\" height=\"318\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Microscopic-view-of-the-gram-negative-rods-image.jpg\" alt=\"Microscopic view of the gram negative rods image\" class=\"wp-image-7687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Microscopic-view-of-the-gram-negative-rods-image.jpg 452w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Microscopic-view-of-the-gram-negative-rods-image-300x211.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Image 4: Gram Negative Rods<\/em><\/strong><br>Image source: wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Facultative rods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Facultative rods have two further categories; straight and curved.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Straight facultative rods include respiratory, zoonotic, and enteric organisms.<\/li><li><em>Hemophilis, Bordetella, <\/em>and<em> Legionella<\/em> are examples of respiratory straight facultative rods. <\/li><li>Zoonotic straight facultative rods have <em>Brucella, Francisella, Yersinia,<\/em> etc.<em> Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, <\/em>and some others are included in enteric straight facultative rods.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Curved facultative rods have <em>Campylobacter, Helicobacter,<\/em> and <em>Vibrio.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Aerobic rods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Aerobic rods include <em>Pseudomonas<\/em> that cause pneumonia and urinary tract infections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Anaerobic rods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Anaerobic rods have <em>Bacteroides <\/em>that cause peritonitis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">List of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Following infections are caused by gram-negative bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Organism (Genus)<\/td><td>Representative diseases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Neisseria&nbsp;<\/em><\/td><td>Gonorrhea, Meningitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Haemophilus<\/em><\/td><td>Meningitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Bordetella<\/em><\/td><td>Whooping cough<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Legionella<\/em><\/td><td>Pneumonia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Brucella<\/em><\/td><td>Brucellosis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Francisella<\/em><\/td><td>Tularemia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Pasteurella<\/em><\/td><td>Cellulitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Yersinia<\/em><\/td><td>Plague<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Escherichia<\/em><\/td><td>Urinary Tract Infection, Diarrhea<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Enterobacter<\/em><\/td><td>Urinary Tract Infection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Serretia<\/em><\/td><td>Pneumonia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Klebsiella<\/em><\/td><td>Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Salmonella<\/em><\/td><td>Enterocolitis, Typhoid fever<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Shigella<\/em><\/td><td>Enterocolitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Proteus<\/em><\/td><td>Urinary Tract Infection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Campylobacter<\/em><\/td><td>Enterocolitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Helicobacter<\/em><\/td><td>Gastritis, Peptic ulcer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Vibrio<\/em><\/td><td>Cholera<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Pseudomonas<\/em><\/td><td>Pneumonia, Urinary tract infections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Bacteroides<\/em><\/td><td>Peritonitis<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risk factors for Developing Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These are the most common infections in hospital settings. And the risk increases if you stay longer in the hospital.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The risk of infection also increases in the following;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Undergoing dialysis for kidney diseases<\/li><li>Weak immune system<\/li><li>War wounds<\/li><li>Catheterisation&nbsp;<\/li><li>Being on a ventilator \/ Mechanical ventilation<\/li><li>Recent surgery<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Antibiotics for gram-negative bacteria<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria are mostly associated with severe, life-threatening infections. These can involve the bloodstream, surgical site, urinary tract, lungs, etc. Despite the use of antibiotics, gram-negative infections are commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It means that multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a crucial factor. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that antimicrobial resistance is one of the three most critical problems for human health. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of gram-negative bacteria are following<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Cephalosporins: For example ceftriaxone\u2013cefotaxime, ceftazidime<\/li><li>Broad-spectrum penicillins with or without \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors: For example amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam<\/li><li>Tetracyclines<\/li><li>Aminoglycosides: For example gentamicin, amikacin<\/li><li>Fluoroquinolones: For example, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin<\/li><li>Carbapenems<\/li><li>Fosfomycim<\/li><li>Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935622353\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q1. How Are Gram-Negative Bacteria Treated?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Gram-negative bacteria are treated through the use of antibiotics. That&#8217;s why these have high resistance to antibiotics and are one of the world&#8217;s most serious public health problems. The cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria is thin and difficult to penetrate.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935637041\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q2. What is endotoxin?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides that have an outer leaflet of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935655773\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q3. When do Gram-negative bacteria release endotoxin?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Endotoxins are released when the cell wall of bacteria is disturbed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935662486\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q4. What is the composition of lipopolysaccharides?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Lipopolysaccharides have three parts.<br \/>1. <strong>Lipid A backbone<\/strong> &#8211; Lipid A is a phosphorylated disaccharide. Long, hydrophobic fatty acid chains are attached to it. Lipid A anchors the lipopolysaccharides into the outer membrane. It is also known as endotoxin and stimulates a potent host inflammatory response.<br \/>2. <strong>Core oligosaccharide<\/strong> &#8211; The core oligosaccharide connects lipid A to the O antigen side-chain. Its composition differs between bacterial species.\u00a0<br \/>3. <strong>O antigen side-chain<\/strong> &#8211; The O antigen is a repeating polysaccharide that projects from the surface of the bacterial cell and varies in length from 1 to 60 repeats. It is the antigenic portion of the molecule and is responsible for the serogroup classification of gram-negative bacteria.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935704810\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q5. What is the periplasmic space?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Periplasmic space is a space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. It is also called as periplasm. It is a multipurpose compartment that is separate from the cytoplasm. <br \/>The periplasmic space also have structural elements and some important environmental sensing modules. It allows complex nanomachines to span the cell envelope. <br \/>The distance between two membranes is much critical for sensing outer membrane damage.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935749344\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q6. What are the examples of gram-negative bacteria?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Hemophilis, Bordetella, Legionella, Neisseria, Salmonella, E.coli, and Campylobacter are some examples of gram-negative bacteria.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935782208\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q7. Is E.coli a gram-negative bacteria?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, E.coli is a negative bacteria. It belongs to enteric straight facultative rods.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935788175\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q8. What is the importance of antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Antibiotics are key weapons to combat infections because of gram-negative bacteria in modern medicine. <br \/>Millions of patients infected with Gram-negative bacteria have been cured and saved with these medicines. <br \/>But an extensive use of antibiotics have developed resistancce to common antimicrobial therapies. <br \/>It is compulsory to treat gram-negative bacterial infection. If not treated, it can lead to serious problems even death.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935817095\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q9. What are the symptoms of gram-negative bacteria?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Symptoms of gram-negative bacteria mainly depend on the site of the infection. Fever is the most common sign.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1647935831134\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q10. What are the most frequent multiple drug resistant (MDR) microorganisms?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Remember the word \u201cESKAPE\u201d to remember that these are the most frequent microorganisms with multiple drug resistant (MDR).<br \/>E = Enterococcus faecium<br \/>S = Staphylococcus aureus<br \/>K = Klebsiella pneumoniae<br \/>A = Acinetobacter baumannii<br \/>P = Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br \/>E = Enterobacter spp<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><em>Jane E. Sykes, Chapter 36 &#8211; Gram-negative Bacterial Infections, 2014, Pages 355-363, ISBN 9781437707953, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00036-3.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Lema\u00eetre, Nadine et al. \u201cCurative Treatment of Severe Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections by a New Class of Antibiotics Targeting LpxC.\u201d mBio vol. 8,4 e00674-17. 25 Jul. 2017, doi:10.1128\/mBio.00674-17<\/em><\/li><li><em>Lutz, R. (2020, December 19). Gram-Negative Infections Successfully Treated with Ceftazidime-Avibactam. Contagion Live. https:\/\/www.contagionlive.com\/view\/gram-negative-infections-treated-ceftazidime-avibactam<\/em><\/li><li><em>Bassetti, M. (2011, March 22). New treatment options against gram-negative organisms &#8211; Critical Care. BioMed Central. https:\/\/ccforum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/cc9997<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gram-negative bacteria give negative results on the Gram staining technique, hence named gram-negative bacteria. These are bacteria with solid walls. These bacteria don&#8217;t retain the crystal violet dye and appear red-colored when viewed under a microscope on a Gram stain test. Neisseria, Salmonella, E.coli, and Campylobacter are some examples of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1393,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7617"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7617"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7617\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}