{"id":6784,"date":"2022-01-07T17:55:21","date_gmt":"2022-01-07T17:55:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/?p=6784"},"modified":"2022-03-07T19:59:35","modified_gmt":"2022-03-07T19:59:35","slug":"gene-cloning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/gene-cloning\/","title":{"rendered":"Gene cloning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Gene cloning is the process of generating genetically identical copies of a gene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gene cloning holds a significant position in the scientific arena. The reason for this is that we will be able to get rid of genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis if scientists replace non-functional genes with the functional ones.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:#ecf2f7;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:#ecf2f7;}<\/style>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"539\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-story-of-dolly-the-first-ever-animal-cloned-picture.png\" alt=\"The story of dolly, the first ever animal cloned\" class=\"wp-image-6810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-story-of-dolly-the-first-ever-animal-cloned-picture.png 500w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-story-of-dolly-the-first-ever-animal-cloned-picture-278x300.png 278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption> <strong><em><strong><em>The story of dolly, the first ever animal cloned<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principle of gene cloning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A desired sequence of DNA is inserted into a suitable vector, which results in a chimeric or recombinant DNA molecule. The vector transports the desired sequence of DNA into the host cell, usually a bacterium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within the host cell, the vector along with the gene it carries, replicates. Then the host cells divide and further replications of the vector take place. After multiple divisions, identical host cells are produced, usually called \u201ca colony\u201d or \u201ca clone\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Techniques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Recombinant DNA Technology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the technology that cuts and pastes the desired sequence of DNA together with the help of enzymes.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/2-copy.png\" alt=\"Last but not the least; in downstream processing, you obtain the desired product such as insulin.\nE coli gene cloning recombinant dna technology steps\" class=\"wp-image-6794\" width=\"498\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/2-copy.png 500w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/2-copy-213x300.png 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" \/><figcaption><em><em><strong>Flow chart of Recombinant DNA Technology<\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Requirements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gene of interest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a particular section of the DNA strand that you desire to alter and replicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular scissors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The restriction endonuclease enzyme acts as a molecular scissor that cuts as well as restricts the growth of the specific part of the viral DNA. The site at which it is cut is called the <strong>restriction site<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The endonuclease enzyme is extracted from a type of bacteria which consist of 400 enzymes. However, out of these, only 20 are used in biotechnology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>This enzyme was discovered by Hamilton O&#8217;Smith which was isolated from a bacterium named E.coli.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular carrier<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The molecular carrier is the vector that carries foreign DNA into the host DNA, resulting in the formation of recombinant, chimeric, or transgenic DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;There are many molecular vectors such as plasmid, yeast, and lambda phage but the most important one is &#8220;plasmid&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plasmid holds such importance because it is an extra-chromosomal circular DNA that consists of many replication sites, resistance genes, and cloning genes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Expression system<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most recommended expression systems are bacteria. They are treated with CaCl2 to increase their permeability, before introducing the Recombinant DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ways to isolate genes of interest<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Isolate genes from chromosomes<\/li><li>Synthesize genes chemically in the laboratory<\/li><li>Synthesize genes from mRNA with the help of reverse transcriptase<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steps<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Isolation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dissolve the cell wall with the aid of enzymes and cut the desired segment of the DNA with the help of restriction endonuclease enzyme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the organism is a bacterium, then the enzyme required to dissolve its cell wall would be cellulase enzyme as its cell wall is composed of cellulose.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, the cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin. Therefore, the enzyme required to break its cell wall is the chitinase enzyme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Separation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Separation of the desired fragments can be achieved through the process of gel electrophoresis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ligation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After this, join the foreign DNA and the vector DNA, forming recombinant DNA, with the help of ligase enzyme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Transformation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this step, transfer the recombinant DNA into the desired bacterial cell.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Downstream Processing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Last but not the least; in downstream processing, you obtain the desired product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/yvQ3GH4hBxy_bejTerY9BldsvtJkjD2cPfr7Qk1Hnr8U7fJlr4YlIlsFMnMs2Id84JUAY1g-2dkOL21AvzZzMrVxDY2cdhhwNte4ALZF0tfxwPCLHUuJZzf4uxbRuGcuDEFijst5\" alt=\"Downstream processing polymerase chain reaction images \" width=\"500\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>PCR is an in-vitro method that generates thousands of millions of copies from a single or a few copies of genes, in a test tube.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the help of this method, you can clone copies from any source. For example, from bacteria, viruses, animals, or plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Components<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Template DNA<\/li><li>Primers<\/li><li>Deoxyribo-nucleoside tri-phosphate (dNTPs)<\/li><li>Taq polymerase (thermostable and withstands a temperature of 95\u00b0C)<\/li><li>Buffer<\/li><li>Co-factor (MgCl2)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/This-figure-indicates-the-different-components-used-in-the-process-of-PCR.jpg\" alt=\"This figure indicates the different components used in the process of PCR.\" class=\"wp-image-6851\" width=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/This-figure-indicates-the-different-components-used-in-the-process-of-PCR.jpg 459w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/This-figure-indicates-the-different-components-used-in-the-process-of-PCR-300x278.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>This figure indicates the different components used in the process of PCR.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steps<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Denaturation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 strands of DNA are required. One side of the strand is 3` and the other is marked as the 5` end. Heat these strands at the temperature of 95\u00b0C for 1 minute. As a result of which, both the strands will be separated from each other.<sup><strong>(1)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Annealing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In annealing, the strands need to be cooled down at the temperature of 55\u00b0C, for no more than 2 minutes. Then add a primer at the 3` end of the DNA.<sup><strong>(1)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Extension<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this process, add Taq polymerase at the temperature of 72\u00b0C, for 1.5 minutes. This enzyme begins the extension of the strand from the 3` end.<sup><strong>(1)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The cycle ends with these 3 steps. With the completion of one complete cycle, 2 copies are obtained. At the end of the 2<sup>nd<\/sup> cycle, 4 copies are achieved and this process goes on until thousands of millions of copies are obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the 32<sup>nd<\/sup> cycle, a million folds of the target DNA strands are achieved.<sup><strong>(4)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/8TNy-gn2Vz3IKREu287_eyqvJOBpmPSz8nvWbNubqVuC_eLdlTXLivZi_RECRFaLlo9goXx3GsGOEmDj5lch1SQmHM75VXLhdcwwJl916dX75C2Eaah9srryabOdVvmrviLlJrNS\" alt=\"Figure showing the process of PCR\" width=\"450\"\/><figcaption><em>Figure showing the process of PCR<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Application of gene cloning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>It is used to detect certain infectious agents such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, etc.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It can also help discover various micro-organisms that may be present in water or food.<\/li><li>It is also used in DNA fingerprinting.<\/li><li>It can detect the genetic mutations that are held responsible for multiple genetic disorders like color blindness, hemophilia, and leukemia, etc.<\/li><li>It is also used in criminology. It helps the investigators to find criminals by matching the DNA samples found at the site of crime and the DNA samples of the suspects.<\/li><li>It is also used to synthesize useful products like hormones, vitamins, and antibiotics, etc.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advantages and disadvantages of cloning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Advantages<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Disadvantages<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helps infertile couples have kids<\/td><td>Decreases the genetic diversity as the offsprings are the same copies of their parents<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Plays an incredible role in organ replacement<\/td><td>There exist many side effects in cloning that are yet to be studied, making it a risky process<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helps cure diseases<\/td><td>May produce new diseases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Through cloning, amazing individuals such as Newton and Einstein can be formed<\/td><td>It can lead to further divisions as the cloned human may not feel \u201chuman\u201d enough<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"343\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cloning-helps-produce-important-hormones-like-insulin-images-2.png\" alt=\"Cloning helps produce important hormones like insulin images\" class=\"wp-image-6802\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cloning-helps-produce-important-hormones-like-insulin-images-2.png 500w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cloning-helps-produce-important-hormones-like-insulin-images-2-300x206.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Cloning helps produce&nbsp; important hormones like insulin<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392372280\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q1. How are plasmids used in gene cloning?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The gene of interest is added to the plasmid. This plasmid is then introduced into the bacteria via the process of transformation. The bacteria that contain the correct plasmid is used to clone more plasmids.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392465564\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q2. Who was the first human clone?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Brigitte Boisselier, the CEO of Clonaid, announced on 27<sup>th<\/sup> December 2002 that she along with her team had created a human clone.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392500938\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q3. Can we clone a human?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Scientists claim that it is biologically possible to clone a human being however, it would be very unethical to do so.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392526865\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q4. Why is human cloning banned?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Human cloning is banned because of the condemnation of the social, psychological, and physiological risks that are associated with it.<sup><strong>3<\/strong><\/sup> <br \/>Moreover, the reproductive cloning of humans results in the increased possibility of loss of life.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392556147\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q5. Is human cloning illegal?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Regardless of the purpose, the cloning of humans is illegal according to the Act of AHR.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392610277\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q6. Is Dolly, the sheep, still alive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. Dolly, the sheep, is not alive. She was cloned on 5<sup>th<\/sup> July 1996 and died on 14<sup>th<\/sup> February 2003. So, she lived a life span of about 6 years.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1641392655304\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Q7. What are the 3 different types of cloning?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>1. Therapeutic cloning<\/strong><br \/>It is the type of cloning by which you can create embryonic stem cells.<sup><strong>(2)<\/strong><\/sup><br \/><strong>2<\/strong>. <strong>Reproductive cloning:<\/strong><br \/>It is the process in which you can synthesize exact copies of the entire animal.<sup><strong>(2)<\/strong><\/sup><br \/><strong>3.<\/strong> <strong>Gene cloning:<\/strong><br \/>This procedure is the most precise one when it comes to cloning. It is the type of cloning in which you can replicate copies of genes or segments of DNA.<sup><strong>(2)<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21400259\/<\/li><li>https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/cloning.html<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1120620\/<\/li><li><em>U Satyanarayan &#8211; Text book of Biochemistry<\/em><\/li><li><em>Lippincott &#8211; Textbook of Biochemistry<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gene cloning is the process of generating genetically identical copies of a gene. Gene cloning holds a significant position in the scientific arena. The reason for this is that we will be able to get rid of genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis if scientists replace non-functional genes with the functional ones&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6810,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[168],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6784"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6784"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6784\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6784"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}