{"id":5148,"date":"2021-11-27T14:53:50","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T14:53:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/?p=5148"},"modified":"2022-03-07T19:59:30","modified_gmt":"2022-03-07T19:59:30","slug":"reverse-blood-typing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/reverse-blood-typing\/","title":{"rendered":"Reverse Blood Grouping (Reverse typing) &#8211; Principle, Procedure and Interpretation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>There are various blood grouping systems in humans, with the most common one being the ABO blood grouping system. It is the basis for blood screening, transfusion, and transplantation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aside from the usual ABO blood grouping system, another grouping system called reverse blood grouping also called reverse typing. <strong><sup>(1, 2)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:#ecf2f7;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id6113_3b9ebd-8c .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:#ecf2f7;}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is Reverse typing?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Reverse typing is the process of checking the patient\u2019s serum level for the presence of ABO antibodies. A few drops of serum are placed in a test tube containing a <a href=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/types-of-blood-cells\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-schema-attribute=\"\">red blood cell<\/a> sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The test tube is shaken, ensuring that the mixture is mixed thoroughly in a centrifuged manner. The sample mixture is observed in a well-lit white background to check for hemolysis in the supernatant fluid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The sample (cell button) is further observed for agglutination as such indicates a positive reaction. <strong><sup>(2, 3, and 4)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Reverse blood grouping is based on the direct hemagglutination principle. Human erythrocytes have blood group antigens found on the cell\u2019s membrane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When a particular antigen is treated with antibodies, an antigen-antibody reaction takes place, forming agglutination. <strong><sup>(3, 4)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Requirements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Specimen<\/strong> \u2013 The specimen used for reverse blood grouping is <a href=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/serum-vs-plasma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-schema-attribute=\"\"><strong>serum<\/strong><\/a>. Once blood is extracted from the patient, the serum is collected and tested right away. The specimen can last up to two to eight hours, but a delay in testing could result in weaker reactions.<\/li><li><strong>Cell suspension<\/strong> \u2013 Lab testing can use cell suspensions in the form of readily available cell reagents. Still, many laboratories prefer preparing their own cell suspension in the form of A and B test red cells.\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><strong>Tube A<\/strong> \u2013 In test tube A, put a drop of red blood cells from each three of the A group sample.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tube B<\/strong> \u2013 A drop of red blood cells is placed from three of the B group samples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Suspend the cell sample by adding normal saline. Shake the tube in a centrifuge manner for about a minute at 1000 pm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Create a 5% red cell suspending by adding. A drop of red blood cells to 19 drops of normal saline. For the slide method, create a 20% suspension. The pooled cells are checked by adding anti-A, A (antisera). <strong><sup>(4, 5, and 6)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Procedure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-above-shows-the-reverse-blood-grouping-method-using-the-test-tubes-images-and-pictures.jpg\" alt=\"The image above shows the reverse blood grouping method using the test tubes images and pictures\" class=\"wp-image-5509\" width=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-above-shows-the-reverse-blood-grouping-method-using-the-test-tubes-images-and-pictures.jpg 506w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-above-shows-the-reverse-blood-grouping-method-using-the-test-tubes-images-and-pictures-300x237.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Picture 1 : The image above shows the reverse blood grouping method using the test tubes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method 1 \u2013 Test Tube Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Two <a href=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/common-blood-collection-tubes-their-additives-and-laboratory-uses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-schema-attribute=\"\">test tubes<\/a> are labeled with A and B.<\/li><li>Each test tube containing the specimen is added with two drops of serum.<\/li><li>Place a drop of the A and B cell suspension to the right test tube.<\/li><li>Mix each test tube in a centrifuge manner, ensuring that each test tube is mixed for a minute at 100 rpm.<\/li><li>Remove the test tube and resuspend the cells.<\/li><li>Check for signs of agglutination. If there\u2019s no visible agglutination, examine the sample once more under the microscope.<\/li><li>Take note of the reaction and interpret the result accordingly. <strong><sup>(6, 7, and 8)<\/sup><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-above-shows-the-reverse-blood-grouping-procedure-using-the-slide-method-pciture-and-image.jpg\" alt=\"The image above shows the reverse blood grouping procedure using the slide method pciture and image\" class=\"wp-image-5511\" width=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-above-shows-the-reverse-blood-grouping-procedure-using-the-slide-method-pciture-and-image.jpg 506w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-above-shows-the-reverse-blood-grouping-procedure-using-the-slide-method-pciture-and-image-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Picture 2 : The image above shows the reverse blood grouping procedure using the slide method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method 2 \u2013 Slide Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Get a clean slide and mark it in two halves. Label the left side as A and the right side as B.<\/li><li>Add a drop of serum on each side (A and B cell suspension (20%).<\/li><li>Get a clean applicator and gently but thoroughly mix the serum and cell suspension. Spread the mixture into a smooth round circle.<\/li><li>Rock the slide for a few minutes (two minutes) and watch for signs of agglutination.<\/li><li>Examine the slide for reactions and interpret the results accordingly. <strong><sup>(6, 8, and 9)<\/sup><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Interpreting Results<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-shows-the-possible-result-for-the-reverse-blood-grouping-method.-image.jpg\" alt=\"The image shows the possible result for the reverse blood grouping method. image\" class=\"wp-image-5512\" width=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-shows-the-possible-result-for-the-reverse-blood-grouping-method.-image.jpg 506w, https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/The-image-shows-the-possible-result-for-the-reverse-blood-grouping-method.-image-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Picture 3 : The image shows the possible result for the reverse blood grouping method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Agglutination in A cell only<\/strong> \u2013 It indicates that the patient\u2019s blood group is B.<\/li><li><strong>Agglutination in B cell only<\/strong> \u2013 It indicates that the patient\u2019s blood group is A.<strong><sup> (5, 6)<\/sup><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reverse Blood Grouping Limitations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Detection of ABO antibodies is difficult in people with a condition called agammaglobulinemia, an inherited immune disorder characterized by low antibody concentration in the blood caused by a lack of specific lymphocytes in the lymph and blood.<\/li><li>Naturally occurring antigens A and B formed three to four months after birth. Therefore, reverse blood grouping cannot be performed in newborns and infants because their antibodies are from maternal sources. <strong><sup>(8, 9, and 10)<\/sup><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Here is the video for better understanding of this proceedure &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b4DR53-Th5A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-schema-attribute=\"\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b4DR53-Th5A<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1634405413248\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the significance of reverse blood grouping?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Reverse blood grouping is important as it helps detect and resolve ABO discrepancies. This method makes it easy to detect red blood cells with A and B blood group antigens. <strong><sup>(3)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1634405429359\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is serum used during reverse blood typing?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The serum is used during reverse blood typing because it contains antibodies reactive to reagent red blood cells that are coated with antigens A and\/or B. The type of reagent red blood cells that cause agglutination will depend on the type of antibodies found on the patient\u2019s serum. Thus, confirming the patient\u2019s blood type. <strong><sup>(6, 9, and 10)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1634405450927\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why are the possible reasons for false blood typing results?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>\u00a0Many conditions are leading to false blood typing results, such as:<br \/>\u2022 Effects of medications<br \/>\u2022 Antibodies<br \/>\u2022 Preservatives<br \/>\u2022 Disease condition<br \/>\u2022 Cross-contamination while doing the testing <strong><sup>(2, 8, and 10)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are various blood grouping systems in humans, with the most common one being the ABO blood grouping system. It is the basis for blood screening, transfusion, and transplantation. Aside from the usual ABO blood grouping system, another grouping system called reverse blood grouping also called reverse typing. (1, 2) What is Reverse typing? Reverse&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5148"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5148"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5148\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5511"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}